In December 2012, residents of Newton County, Arkansas were surprised to see a hog farm being built on the banks of Big Creek, a tributary on the Buffalo National River. The state’s Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) had approved a permit for C&H Hog Farms to operate the Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO). Notice about the farm was published that summer on ADEQ’s website but not in a local newspaper.

Several years of lawsuits and increased environmental activism followed.